Common Redundancies in the English Language

One way to cut the clutter in our writing is to eliminate repetitious expressions. Because we so often see and hear redundancies (such as free gifts and foreign imports), they can be easy to overlook. Therefore, when editing our work, we should be on the lookout for needless repetition and be ready to eliminate expressions that add nothing to whats been said. Now does this mean that repetition must be avoided at all costs, or that good writers never repeat themselves? Certainly not. Careful repetition of key words and sentence structures can help establish clear connections in our writing. In effective rhetorical strategies of repetition, we consider how writers may rely on repetition to emphasize or clarify a central idea. Our concern here is with eliminating needless repetition — redundant expressions that make writing longer, not better. Following are some of the common redundancies in English. In specific contexts, some of these phrases may serve a purpose. More often, however, the phrases weigh down our writing with unnecessary words. We can eliminate the needless repetition in each case by omitting the word or phrase in parentheses. A (absolutely) essential(absolutely) necessary(actual) factsadvance (forward)(advance) planning(advance) preview(advance) reservations(advance) warningadd (an additional)add (up)(added) bonus(affirmative) yes(aid and) abet(all-time) recordalternative (choice)A.M. (in the morning)(and) etc.(anonymous) stranger(annual) anniversary(armed) gunman(artificial) prosthesisascend (up)ask (the question)assemble (together)attach (together)ATM (machine)autobiography (of his or her own life) B bald(-headed)balsa (wood)(basic) fundamentals(basic) necessitiesbest (ever)biography (of his--or her--life)blend (together)(boat) marinabouquet (of flowers)brief (in duration)(brief) moment(brief) summary(burning) embers C cacophony (of sound)cameo (appearance)cancel (out)(careful) scrutinycash (money)cease (and desist)circle (around)circulate (around)classify (into groups)(close) proximity(closed) fistcollaborate (together)combine (together)commute (back and forth)compete (with each other)(completely) annihilate(completely) destroyed(completely) eliminate(completely) engulfed(completely) filled(completely) surround(component) partsconfer (together)connect (together)connect (up)confused (state)consensus (of opinion)(constantly) maintainedcooperate (together)could (possibly)crisis (situation)curative (process)(current) incumbent(current) trend D depreciate (in value)descend (down)(desirable) benefits(different) kindsdisappear (from sight)drop (down)during (the course of)dwindle (down) E each (and every)earlier (in time)eliminate (altogether)emergency (situation)(empty) holeempty (out)(empty) spaceenclosed (herein)(end) resultenter (in)(entirely) eliminateequal (to one another)eradicate (completely)estimated at (about)evolve (over time)(exact) same(exposed) openingextradite (back) F (face) maskfall (down)(favorable) approval(fellow) classmates(fellow) colleaguefew (in number)filled (to capacity)(final) conclusion(final) end(final) outcome(final) ultimatum(first and) foremost(first) conceivedfirst (of all)fly (through the air)follow (after)(foreign) imports(former) graduate(former) veteran(free) gift(from) whence(frozen) ice(frozen) tundrafull (to capacity)(full) satisfactionfuse (together)(future) plans(future) recurrence G gather (together)(general) publicGOP (party)GRE (exam)green [or blue or whatever] (in color)grow (in size) H had done (previously)(harmful) injuries(head) honchoheat (up)HIV (virus)hoist (up)(hollow) tubehurry (up) I (illustrated) drawingincredible (to believe)indicted (on a charge)input (into)integrate (together)integrate (with each other)interdependent (on each other)introduced (a new)introduced (for the first time)(ir)regardlessISBN (number) J join (together)(joint) collaboration K kneel (down)(knowledgeable) experts L lag (behind)later (time)LCD (display)lift (up)(little) baby(live) studio audience(live) witness(local) residentslook (ahead) to the futurelook back (in retrospect) M made (out) of(major) breakthrough(major) featmanually (by hand)may (possibly)meet (together)meet (with each other)(mental) telepathymerge (together)might (possibly)minestrone (soup)mix (together)modern ______ (of today)(mutual) cooperation(mutually) interdependentmutual respect (for each other)(number-one) leader in ________ N nape (of her neck)(native) habitat(natural) instinctnever (before)(new) beginning(new) construction(new) innovation(new) invention(new) recruitnone (at all)nostalgia (for the past)(now) pending O off (of)(old) adage(old) cliche(old) custom(old) proverb(open) trenchopen (up)(oral) conversation(originally) createdoutput (out of)(outside) in the yardoutside (of)(over) exaggerateover (with)(overused) cliche P (pair of) twinspalm (of the hand)(passing) fad(past) experience(past) history(past) memories(past) recordspenetrate (into)period (of time)(personal) friend(personal) opinionpick (and choose)PIN (number)pizza (pie)plan (ahead)plan (in advance)(Please) RSVPplunge (down)(polar) opposites(positive) identificationpostpone (until later)pouring (down) rain(pre)board (as an airplane)(pre)heat(pre)record(private) industry(present) incumbentpresent (time)previously listed (above)proceed (ahead)(proposed) planprotest (against)pursue (after) R raise (up)RAM (memory)reason is (because)reason (why)recur (again)re-elect (for another term)refer (back)reflect (back)(regular) routinerepeat (again)reply (back)retreat (back)revert (back)rise (up)round (in shape) S (safe) haven(safe) sanctuarysame (exact)(sand) dunescrutinize (in detail)self-______ (yourself)separated (apart from each other)(serious) dangershare (together)(sharp) pointshiny (in appearance)shut (down)(single) unitskipped (over)slow (speed)small (size)(small) specksoft (in texture) [or (to the touch)]sole (of the foot)spell out (in detail)spliced (together)start (off) or (out)(still) persists(still) remains(sudden) impulse(sum) totalsurrounded (on all sides) T tall (in height)tall (in stature)(temper) tantrumten (in number)three a.m. (in the morning)(three-way) love triangletime (period)(tiny) bit(total) destruction(true) facts(truly) sinceretuna (fish)(twelve) noon or midnight(two equal) halves U (ultimate) goalundergraduate (student)(underground) subway(unexpected) emergency(unexpected) surprise(unintentional) mistake(universal) panacea(unnamed) anonymousUPC (code)(usual) custom V vacillate (back and forth)(veiled) ambush(very) pregnant(very) uniquevisible (to the eye) W (wall) muralwarn (in advance)weather (conditions)weather (situation)whether (or not)(white) snowwrite (down)

What the U.S. Marines Service Symbolizes - 1018 Words

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Auditing and Assurance One. Tel Inc. Case Study

Question: Discuss about theAuditing and Assurance for One. Tel Inc. Case Study. Answer: Introduction The organization management is bestowed with the responsibility to maximize wealth on behalf of the shareholders. However, sometimes the management may not owner the agency relationship between them and the shareholders and thus end up advancing their personal interests at the expense of that of the stockholders. This calls for the involvement of the independent external examination which will ascertain if the organization operations, and activities are in line with the goals and objectives of the shareholders(Tepalagul Lin, 2015, p. 115). It is at this point where the need for auditing arises. Auditing of the financial statements and other assuring services offered by the auditing firms play a very fundamental role in instilling and maintaining the stockholder's confidence on the management of the organization(Kuenkaikaew Vasarhelyi, 2013, p. 45). Again, the auditors perform a vital by acting as the link between the providers and the users of the business information. To ensure th at the auditor gives out an unqualified report about the statement of affairs of the company, the management should ensure that the financial statements have been prepared appropriately and in a manner that shows that the organization is a going concern. This essay seeks to address these two critical auditing aspects about One.Tel Company using financial statements for the years ended 30th June 2000 and 30th June 1999. One.Tel Company Overview One.Tel Company is an Australian based company launched in Sydney in 1995. The core company activities entailed the provision of mobile services and the networking associated products such as the internet. The company strategic goals were customer centered whereby it aimed at providing high quality and innovative telephone services at low cost. Like any other company the company comprised of the management board which included nine members of which five of them were non-executive members while the rest were from the company top management team. The board the responsibility of executing various functions. First, it approves all financial plans as well as the corporate strategies. Second, spotting and coming with the solutions for the several areas with impactful risk facing the company. Third, evaluating and controlling the companys management process. Fourth, monitoring of the company financial performance. Finally, appointing and approval of the companys senior managers. From the du ties of the board, it has comes out clearly that management played very critical roles if not properly handled can put the company into risks or hamper its operations in the foreseeable future. Corporate board roles are critical in determining the future survival and success of the company. Inherent Risk Assessment at the Financial Report Level Inherent risk is one of the major component making up the audit risk (Florea, et al., 2012, p. 48). The other risks include control and detection risk. Inherent risk is defined as the material misstatement of the financial statements as a result of omissions or errors associated with other aspects rather than the inefficiency of the internal controls(Johnstone, et al., 2014, p. 34). This type of audit is considered to be high whereby the transactions of the entity are a bit complicated, or there is high involvement of individual judgment and estimation. For example, the assessment of the audit risk of the new entity in a given industry engaging in complex activities and operations may be higher than that of a well-established company undertaking its activities in the stable environment. Inherent risk assessment at the financial report level depends majorly on the management of the company(Chandler, 2016, p. 22). There are certain factors that that may influence the management to manipulate the books of accounts to provide information that looks excellent to the users of the accounting information. Concerning the One.Tel Company inherent risk assessment at the disclosure of the financial company states should be largely focused on the management team. This the structure as well as the functions of the companys corporate seem prone to contribute to inherent risk thus forcing the auditor to carry deep and extensive scanning of the financial report. Some of the factors that might contribute to this type of assessment have been briefly discussed below: Attitude and Integrity of the Company Management. If the attitude of the board towards the company is questionable, there is likely of the manipulation of the books of the account to suit its intentions. Additionally, if the trustworthy of the corporate company board is shaky, there is a possibility of the management interfering what was honestly prepared by the company accounting department to hide its fraudulence activities(Tysiac, 2015, p. 30). The auditor may know this may this by requesting to meet each member and then asking them a few designed questions pertaining the activities and operations of the company. Relative High Percentage of the Executive Board Members. Some of the giant's companies such as Enron and Parmalat collapsed because of the corporate board members you had a conflict of interests(Mohammed Al-Matari, et al., 2014, p. 36). Bearing in mind the core responsibility of the board is to safeguard the interest of all shareholders, the company financial report may put into extra scrutiny to assess any element of the inherent risk. This is because the four board executive members may be very influential to some of the five independent board members and thus the whole board ends up furthering its interests instead of the shareholders. The auditor will be able to identify this going through the list of the corporate board members to examine their relationship with the company. Corporate Board Experience and Qualifications Company top management provides direction the organization will take( LjubisavljeviĆ¡ Jovanovi, 2010, p. 129). Through approval and authorization of the implementation of the strategic goals, the corporate board determines whether the company will operate in the foreseeable future or its activities will come to a halt shortly (International Federation of Accountants, 2009, p. 5). To eliminate this unfavorable uncertainty, the board members should be endowed with the comprehensive and extensive knowledge of the industry(Davidson, et al., 2005, p. 255). However, One.Tel Company seems to lack the knowledgeable corporate board members. For this reason, the auditor will be forced to increase his or her assessment of the company's financial report to determine whether there is any inherent risk. The order can identify these by requesting for the qualifications of the board members as well as the number of years they have been in the industry. Management Under Pressure to Improve the Company Performance. The objective of any company is to obtain a competitive advantage in the industry(Al-Khaddash, et al., 2013, p. 215). Company performance is one of the primary factors behind the positioning of the company in any industry. From the analysis of the Australian telecommunication industry, it is evident that it is very competitive. There are only a few recognized companies in this industry and One.Tel seems not to have established and positioned itself in the industry. Therefore, the company is under pressure to improve its performance. The auditor can identify this by evaluating the comparing the company performance with that of the industry. Factors Contributing to Increased Inherent Risk Assessment at the Account Level Depreciation and Instant Stocks Depreciation and instant variations of the inventory levels are most likely to result to inherent. This is because of the frequency and a continuous number of transactions done when the stock changes. Similarly, depreciation is prone to this type of audit risk due to changes brought by the disposal of the old company assets as well as the acquisition of the new ones. From the analysis of the cash flow statement, the investing entry indicates that the company had done several disposals of the assets as well as the new. These frequent and complicated transactions when accounting for accumulated and depreciation expense may result to errors and thus calling for a need for risk assessment. Prior Year Adjustments Accounts. Despite the fact that the accounting is carried out for different periods, there is always a link between the previous accounting transactions and the current ones(Ferguson Francis, 2003, p. 435). There are certain scenarios whereby the books of accounts have to be adjusted to suit the current accounting transactions. Similarly, One.Tel Company has faced the same scenario. For example, provisions and tax transactions will require deep examination by the auditor. Unusual Transactions The companies sometimes engage in unusual transactions. The findings have found that unusual transactions, especially by the management, has been mostly used to fraud the company wealth(Carcello Nagy, 2004, p. 665). Therefore, the auditor should examine all strange transactions especially the ones at or towards the year end to ascertain whether they duly deserved and whether they have been wholly recognized in the books of accounts. Expertise of the Finance Department Accounting and Finance department in any organization is responsible for the preparation of the company financial statements. If the accountants lack the competency needed this may result to errors which may, in turn, lead to inherent risk if not identified. These errors may be error of omission, compensation error and error of commission among many others. To avoid this, the auditor should carry the investigation on all the company transactions including the ledger accounts of recording debtors and creditors transactions. Going Concern Concept Assessment Organizations are founded on the assumptions that they will continue operating in the foreseeable future. It is assumed that there is no point in time they will come to cease their operations and that their existence will supersede that of those who owns them as well as those who operates them(Haron, et al., 2009, p. 9). However, this does not always hold due to the dynamics in the world of business. With the pervasive technology fueled by the increment in creativity and innovations very big and International Corporation have found themselves out of the business. Therefore, it becomes critical for the businesses to adopt the right strategies as per the surrounding environment or else a going concern concept will be a nightmare to them. The going concern concept it is not much important for the management of the company as it is for the company shareholders(Socol, 2010, p. 296). The shareholders are the owners of the company, and thus their objective is to continue reaping the benefits of their investments in the long run. To ensure that the managers are running the company according to their interests and expectations, they engage an independent external auditor as their watchdog. The duty of the auditor will be to assess whether the company operations and activities reflect that the company is anticipating to continue operating in the future(OReilly, 2010, p. 293). This calls for an auditor to determine whether the going concern will be assessed either as high, medium or low. This essay recommends that an auditor should carry out high going assessment concerning One.Tel Company. As per the analysis of the Australian telecommunication industry, One.Tel Company seems to have no place in this industry. The statistics show that the company market share is very limited. Alternatively, there has been the rampant disposal of the company assets compared to the acquisition of the new assets in the last two years. This leads for an auditor the question the continued existence of the company. Again, the era of the internet seems to be kicking the company out of the market. The key players in the industry to be taking the advantage of the internet while One.Tel Company does not feature anywhere. Therefore, the approach to the assessment of the going concern should be high to ascertain whether the management of the company is focused on having the operations of the company existing in the long run. Conclusion Auditing is a very critical aspect for any company. It is through auditing where the conflicts between the management and the shareholders are solved. This ensures that the company management is kept on the check as it executes to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization. Therefore, it always vital for auditors to provide a properly arrived at the report to remove any doubt between the management and the stockholders. The auditor can achieve this by identifying all risks that may derail the realization of the shareholders goals or may derail the operations of the company in the foreseeable future. In support, this essay recommends that the auditor should carry out an extensive examination of all the company's financial transactions in order to avoid inherent risks. Alternatively, he or should study the trends in the industry and the actions of the management team to come into conclusion whether the company is operational in the long run. References Al-Khaddash, H., Al Nawas, R. Ramadan, A., 2013. Factors affecting the quality of Auditing: The Case of Jordanian Commercial Banks. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(11), pp. 206-222. Carcillo, J. Nagy, A., 2004. Client size, auditor specialization and fraudulent financial reporting. Managerial Auditing Journal, 5(3), pp. 651-668. Chandler, R., 2016. Auditing and Assurance, London: University of London. Davidson, R., Goodwin-Stewart, J. Kent, P., 2005. Internal Governance Structures and Earnings Management. Accounting and Finance, 4(5), pp. 241-267. Ferguson, A. Francis, R., 2003. The effects of firm-wide and office-level industry expertise on audit pricing. Accounting Review, 7(8), p. 429448. Florea, R., Florea, R. Bacovia, G., 2012. The Implications of Inherent Risks' Assessment in Audit Risk Limitation. Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition, 15(1), pp. 45-49. Haron, H., Hartadi, B., Ansari, M. small, I. I., 2009. Factors Influencing Auditors' Going Concern Opinion. Asian Academy of Management Journal, 14(1), p. 119. International Federation of Accountants, 2009. Audit Considerations In respeCt of GoinG ConCern In T he Current eConomiC environment, New York: International Federation of Accountants. Johnstone, K. M., Gramling, A. A. Rittenberg, L. E., 2014. An Risk-Based Approach To Conducting A Quality Audit. South-Western: Cengage Learning. Kuenkaikaew, S. Vasarhelyi, M. . A., 2013. The Predictive Audit Framework. The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, 13(2), p. 37 71. LjubisavljeviĆ¡, S. Jovanovic, D., 2010. Empirical research on the internal audit position of companies in Serbia. Economic Annals, 55(191), pp. 123-141. Mohammed Al-Matar, E., Kaid Al-Saidi, A. Fadzil, F. H., 2014. The Effect of the Internal Audit and Firm Performance: A Proposed Research Framework. International Review of Management and Marketing, 4(1), pp. 34-41. O'Reilly, D. M., 2010. Do investors perceive the going-concern opinion as useful for pricing stocks? Managerial Auditing Journal, 12(1), pp. 291-299. Social, A., 2010. Significant Doubt About The Going Concern Assumption In Audit. Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Oeconomica, 12(1), pp. 291-299. Tepalagul, N. Lin, L., 2015. Auditor Independence and Audit Quality: A Literature Review. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 30(1), p. 101121. Tysiac, K., 2015. 8 Accounting and Auditing Issues You Cant Afford to Ignore. Journal of Accountancy, 4(3), pp. 39-43.

Silent Spring Summary Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s

Silent Spring Summary Silent Spring In the very beginning of the book Rachel Carson had talked about the mre than 500 pesticides used each year to get rid of insects and pesticides. All of these pesticides where making the United States an unhealthy place to live. They where killing of animals that were part of a food chain. A food chain that could later affect us. Not only was it hurting animals but humans too. It was giving them illnesses that were unheard of and unreckognized. Carson had stated tht chemicals to treat soil was leading to destruction of species that could later be studied. Thus leaving us at an unadvantage to advance our knowledge. Using DDT and letting it come into contact with humans leads to mental damage and cancer. Also tumors and leukimias were brought on be DDT. Rachel Carson had in her conclusion that the desire, by us, of total control of nature was sought out to be a really stupid thing. Bibliography Rachel Carson, Silent Spring Science Essays

The Decline of The Islamic Empire essays

The Decline of The Islamic Empire essays There was once an immense empire known as the Roman Empire, it was once the dominant force in Europe and had almost complete control of Europe. The Roman Empire had 55 rulers overall. The empire had an excellent government but they had trouble with keeping a ruler. In fact about three-fourths of the Roman Empires rulers were assassinated. Rome also had many virulent rulers who contributed to the fall of this gargantuan empire. When this empire collapsed it left a large hole for the Islamic tribes to freely fill. There was no competition so it was like a vacuum and sucked the Islam into its place, and since there was no competition the Islamic tribes quickly and easily spread across the vast area that the Roman Empire left. They were assisted by their military, which was pretty powerful, good economy and very rapid and huge population growth. They prosper and live life very nicely then things begin to go really bad and the Islamic Empire starts its decline because of the three things: the military, the economy, and demographically. The powerful military was the main ingredient in the Islamic Empires success, and it also helped the decline of the Empire. Muhammad the Prophet, the founder of Islam, drew Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula to Islam by his forceful personality, the promise of salvation for those who died fighting for Islam, and the lure of fortune for those who succeeded in conquest. The warriors of the Islamic Empire had a very strong will to win. They fought for fortune and prosperity and that is what they got. The Arab warriors fought until the enemy said there were no god but Islam. They outsmarted the opposition and fought with intelligence rather than brute strength. The normal warrior was equipped with light armor, just enough to protect their vital parts. On the other hand the Europeans used very heavy armor that weighed about 60 pounds, this was a disadvantage for the Europeans. Since the Islamic warrio...

The African American Civil rights movement

The African American Civil rights movement Introduction Several major events took place in the United States and around the world during the 1960’s. The United States witnessed counter culture and social revolution that ended with abolishment of retrogressive laws that had established social taboos in the country (Beito Royster, 2009). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The African American Civil rights movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this paper I will discuss how my own life could have been different had it not been for the civil rights movements that happened in the 1960s. Secondly, I will show how the same event influenced my choice of career path, and finally, I will describe how the world could have been different had it not been for the civil rights movement. How life could have been different had not been for the civil rights movement The civil rights movement (commonly referred to as African American civil rights movements) describe s the social movements that took place in the United States to end discrimination against black people and restore their right to vote (Farber, 1994). The majority of the campaigns begun in 1955 and were characterized by civil disobedience. During the 1960s notable achievements were made including the passage of a Civil rights Act in 1964 that outlawed any form of discrimination towards people of a different â€Å"race, color or national origin in employment practices and public accommodations†; in 1965, the voting rights of African Americans were restored following the passage of the Voting Rights Act 1965; in the same year, the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 was enacted (Harrison Dye, 2008, p. 34). The act allowed immigrants from other regions of the world, other than the traditional Europe to enter the United States (Goluboff, 2007). In 1968, â€Å"the Fair Housing Act 1968 was enacted† to ensure that everyone had an equal opportunity to buy or r ent a house in the US (Harrison Dye, 2008). The achievements that were made following the civil rights movements inspired young people across the country and saw African Americans re-entering politics in the Southern States (Goluboff, 2007). My life could have been significantly different had it not been for these legislative achievements that followed the civil rights movement. The civil rights Act of 1964 basically banned segregation in the US. It gave all the Americans the right to be served equally in facilities that were open to the public including equal access to education (Harrison Dye, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I honestly believe that the peace and cultural diversity that we currently enjoyed in the US is as a result of the legislative changes that followed the civil rights movement. Had it not been for this changes I could now be living in a segregated society that is full of mistrust, violence and other social ills. Notably, the civil rights movements did not only ensure equal rights for African Americans but also other minority groups such as Latinos and Asian Americans. In addition, the movements opened the eyes of the majority of the Americans thereby effectively transforming their attitudes. Had it not been for the civil rights movement I could now be part of a conservative society that basically trusts the government on everything. America could not be enjoying the role model status that it is currently accorded internationally. Through the schooling process I have acquired many friends from different racial backgrounds. The segregation that was predominant prior to the civil rights movement denied Americans the opportunity to freely mix with people from other races. This implies that had the situation remained the same then I could not be having the freedom to associate with people from other races. It’s sad to think that I or some of my friends could have been denied a chance to pursue our dream careers. Prior to the civil rights movements, Americans were not active people and frequently followed the government’s opinion (Farber, 1994). It’s important to note that following the civil rights movements many American citizens opened their eyes, changed their attitudes and begun to press for effective leadership. Everyone realized the need to pursue the American dream. Since then, Americans have played leading roles in determining the extent to which the government can indulge in international affairs. Not so long after the civil rights movements, Americans were already urging their government to withdraw troops from Vietnam. Others pieces of lSegislations that were enacted following the civil rights movements such as the Voting Rights Act 1965 and the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 have greatly influenced the American society (Beito Royster, 2009). African Americans have been politically active since the enactment of the voting rights Act 1965. Had it not been for the civil movements, I could now be part of a divided society where politics is an exclusive reserve for one race. I could never have lived to see a black president leading our country. The Immigration Act allowed immigrant from all over the world to come to America. This has led to a culturally rich and diverse society that is comparable to none. Therefore without the 1960s civil rights movements I could not be enjoying the benefits of cultural diversity such as foods and festivities.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The African American Civil rights movement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How the civil rights movements influenced my career path The events that were happening prior to the civil rights movement showed how human beings can subject fellow human beings to discrimination. Learning about such happenings gave me the desire to take a career path that can enable me to advocate for the rights of others, particularly those who are disadvantaged in the society. I realized that many of our citizens are involved in epic struggles and really need support from the society in order to make it through (Beito Royster, 2009). Therefore by selecting a course that offered me a chance to effectively contribute to the society through advocacy, I feel that it will be possible for me to live a fulfilling life that takes into account the needs of others. The harsh struggles that characterize the American history, including the liberation wars and the civil rights movement have validated my desire to take a course in social sciences and understand how the society functions and how I can be able to assist through advocacy. How the world would be had it not been for the civil rights movements The racial conflicts that were taking place in America prior to the civil rights movements wer e also being witnessed in many parts of the world. Several governments around the world were not keen to protect the rights of their minority citizens. For instance, majority of European nations had colonies in Africa where their representatives were subjecting Africans to exploitation and brutality. Other countries such as New Zealand and Australia had no formal laws to protect the rights of the indigenous minority citizens. It’s important to note that the United States had portrayed itself as the leader of the free world and yet many of its citizens were being subjected to severe racial discrimination. Back then, Europe was the only important continent to the US as far good foreign relations were concerned. Many communist states publicly lamented the hypocrisy portrayed by the United States. Thus the events that followed the civil rights movements validated the country’s portrayal as a model democracy that observed the rights of its citizens. The civil rights movem ent gave America the chance to appeal to many countries in the world without severing ties with its traditional allies in Europe. Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since then, the US has been able to play a role in the democratization of many countries around the world (Harrison Dye, 2008). It has also been on the forefront in urging other countries to enact appropriate legislations that are needed to protect the rights of minority groups. The effects of the civil rights movements played a role in the development of good relationships between the US and other regions whose descendants were initially being racially abused in the US. These regions include South America, Africa and Asia. The good relations have in turn created a platform for globalization. Therefore without the laws that followed the civil rights movement globalization activities such as international trade could not have been developed to the current level. In addition, the US could not have gotten the voice to call for change in other countries, and thus most countries could still have been in chaotic states. Conclusion This paper sought to describe how the scenario could ha ve been without the civil rights movement. It has established that the freedom and diversity currently enjoyed by Americans today could have been a pipe dream. The paper has also shown how the civil rights influenced my career path by inspiring the desire to advocate for other people’s rights. The effects of the civil rights movements also played a role in globalization. References Beito, D., Royster, L. (2009). Black Maverick: T.R.M. Howards Fight for Civil Rights and Economic Power. Illinois: University of Illinois press. Farber, D. (1994). The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s. New York: Hill and Wang. Goluboff, R. (2007). The Lost Promise of Civil Rights. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Harrison, B., Dye, T. (2008). Power and Soceity: An introduction to social Sciences. Florida: Thomson Wadsworth.

IT Managers, Data Access and Privacy Research Paper

IT Managers, Data Access and Privacy - Research Paper Example Formally speaking, â€Å"protection of  data  from unauthorized (accidental or intentional) modification, destruction, or disclosure† is the definition.† (Its, 2012) as quoted at the Institute of Telecommunication Science Colorado. Data is everywhere around man. Present in different forms, it becomes of utmost importance when it holds value as information. The data pertinent to an organization needs to be kept from any alterations or maltreatment so as to prevent it from being damaged or being misused by unauthorized personnel. Thus the security that needs to be associated with all forms of data is referred to as data security. Privacy â€Å"Freedom from unauthorized intrusion† (Merriam-webmaster, 2012) is the formal way privacy may be explained. It may well be used interchangeably with data security as data also needs to be kept private in order to be secured. It is this Privacy that keeps the level of data and knowledge management at distinct levels within a n organization. The discussion further proceeds with how data security and privacy issues are catered with the IT managers and Project Managers respectively. Bottom of Form IT MANAGERS VERSUS PROJECT MANAGERS: Project managers as compared to IT managers bear limited responsibility. The main role of project managers is to manage and handover a working project to a company, Afterwards the IT managers take over the running and overall execution of that project. Both the managers can be compared in terms of employee volume as project managers maintain and manage a very limited crew throughout their task whereas IT managers manage and fulfill the IT needs of whole organization. The main activities performed through the information system of an organization are always monitored and tested under IT managers. The requirements of business process re-engineering are initiated by the IT management and it always seeks a better IT system for an organization. Project managers on the other hand te nd to reduce the workload by keeping the new requirements from springing up. IT managers are responsible for chipping in and processing the data of whole organization. This role demands imposition of certain ethical obligations regarding data sharing and security. The issue of data security is related to both i.e. organizational data (internal data, like personal data of employee etc.) and business data (external data like trade volumes and bidding details etc.). IT managers are responsible for safeguarding internal and external data. Regarding personal data of employee various hazards can easily be anticipated in case of any mishandling of data. For example all or few of the employee information like, employee history, increments, promotion evaluations, compensation offered by the company, previous employment record, salary amount, social security number and account information if leaked out, can not only be misused against that employee, but would also create a significantly negat ive impact on the whole organization. The usage and sharing of such information must be done under tightest scrutiny. The system designed for the purpose may be highly secure but the usage and sharing of data highly depends on the authorized IT personnel. There may be Standard Operating Procedures for data management and security but what if those rules are not properly enforced or followed.